Cottons Impact On The United States Before The Civil War Essays

Cotton's Impact on the United States Before the Civil War With the end of the War of 1812, few people in the United States envisioned a civil war in the future. With a developing Western section of the country, the future looked bright for a stable growing economy based on extraction of resources (agriculture, timber, and various resources in the ground). With the shipping resources of New England and financial centers in the North, agriculture and extraction of resources seemed to be the foundation to base the country's economy on. Within a short period of time, however, the North was beginning to industrialize while the Southern states stayed agrarian. A reason why the South did not industrialize was that cotton provided an economic system for the whole country that was as rewarding to the Southern farmers as to the Northern industrialists. An example of the Southern attitude toward the Northern way of life is illustrative. A white Alabaman during this period exclaimed, "We have no cities. We don't want them. We want no manufactures; we desire no trading, no mechanical or manufacturing classes. As long as we have our rice, our sugar, our tobacco, and our cotton, we can command wealth to purchase all we want." Factors that contributed to the economic system that this attitude was part of were: the sale of government land in the South, foreign and domestic demand for cotton, and the contrast between free and slave labor. Early Years of Cotton After the War of 1812, the U.S. government sold large amounts of land in what was the Southern territories of Alabama and Mississippi. Sales of government land in the two territories went from 27,000 acres in 1815 to almost 3 million acres in 1819. Many of the purchasers of the land were farmers from South Carolina and Georgia. These farmers looked forward to planting on previously uncultivated land. The land could take heavy cultivation before the output suffered. As an example, three acres of land could be bought for the same cost of the lime used to restore productivity on one acre of land in South Carolina. The crop the farmers planted on this land was cotton. The reason they planted cotton was that the price of cotton per pound surged from 14 cents before the War of 1812 to 21 cents in 1815 and to 29.5 cents in 1816. The high price was due to a heavy demand for raw cotton in Great Britain. In the 1830's and 1840's, over 80 percent of all cotton produced was e! xported. Of this, around 85 percent of all exported cotton went to Great Britain. Once the new lands had been prepared for and planted with cotton, the supply of raw cotton increased to help bring the price of cotton down to 12 cents a pound by 1824. An increase in domestic and foreign demand helped increase the price of cotton to 18 cents a pound by 1836. This caused another round of high levels of Western land sales. After 1836, the increased supply of cotton caused the price of cotton to go down to 6 cents a pound in 1844. By 1849 834 million pounds of cotton was being produced a year compared to 154 million pounds in 1816. The amount of cotton produced in 1849 would have been much less if the steamboat had not been in the West to transport the cotton. Even though the price of cotton was high in the early years, the cotton grower had challenges to making money. Between goods bought from the outside for the farmer's family and slave labor, the farmer managed a subsistence living. The steamboat provided a way for the farmer to make a living. Prior to the steamboat, goods purchased had to come over the Appalachians at a large premium. As an example, army garrisons in Illinois used flour costing $100 a barrel and pork $127 a barrel. This compares to $10 and $20 on the East Coast. The steamboat helped solve this problem by reducing the freight rates going to and from New Orleans. By the Civil War, freight rates upriver had dropped to 5 to 10 percent of what they were in 1815. The money saved on goods provided a margin that could be used for investment. The investment made by the farmers was in more land and slaves. By 1840, two-thirds of the cotton produced in the U.S. came from Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi up!

Free Essays on Poetry Comparison (donne And Shakespeare)

Poetry Comparison Essay From the beginning of time human kind has had the urge to communicate their feelings, emotions and thoughts whether it be in the form of speech, writing, dancing or singing. The complexity of man’s emotions forced him to express these feelings through writing. Poetry is the most common form of this expression. Brilliant poets such as John Donne and William Shakespeare expressed their thoughts and emotions in the form of sonnets. A sonnet is a lyrical form of poetry and is comprised of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter. Their poetry is very similar in many ways but also have many contrasts’. This essay aims to compare and contrast the poems Holy Sonnet X by John Donne and William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73. Shakespeare wrote his sonnets between 1593 and 1597. This was a time of â€Å"courtly love† where poets described their beloved in a perfect way. The Pertrachan sonnet, comprising of fourteen lines with two sections, an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines), was at its peak. Shakespeare diverged from this style of sonnet in form and subject matter. He preferred to write his sonnets in what is called an English sonnet (Shakespearean), comprising of fourteen lines with two quatrains (6 lines) and a couplet (2 lines) summarizing the poem. He also rejected the idea of portraying his beloved in a perfect way, most notably in Sonnet 18 ‘Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day’. Donne on the other hand rejected the Petrachan conventions completely in regards to subject matter, as Donne was obsessed with death. His sonnets however did take on the form of the Shakespearean sonnet. In the Sonnets being analysed they both have a common theme of death. Donne’s Holy Sonnet X deals with death and the fear of dying where as Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 does not literally approach death but the metaphorical death of youth and passion. These topics suit the style of poetry because son... Free Essays on Poetry Comparison (donne And Shakespeare) Free Essays on Poetry Comparison (donne And Shakespeare) Poetry Comparison Essay From the beginning of time human kind has had the urge to communicate their feelings, emotions and thoughts whether it be in the form of speech, writing, dancing or singing. The complexity of man’s emotions forced him to express these feelings through writing. Poetry is the most common form of this expression. Brilliant poets such as John Donne and William Shakespeare expressed their thoughts and emotions in the form of sonnets. A sonnet is a lyrical form of poetry and is comprised of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter. Their poetry is very similar in many ways but also have many contrasts’. This essay aims to compare and contrast the poems Holy Sonnet X by John Donne and William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73. Shakespeare wrote his sonnets between 1593 and 1597. This was a time of â€Å"courtly love† where poets described their beloved in a perfect way. The Pertrachan sonnet, comprising of fourteen lines with two sections, an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines), was at its peak. Shakespeare diverged from this style of sonnet in form and subject matter. He preferred to write his sonnets in what is called an English sonnet (Shakespearean), comprising of fourteen lines with two quatrains (6 lines) and a couplet (2 lines) summarizing the poem. He also rejected the idea of portraying his beloved in a perfect way, most notably in Sonnet 18 ‘Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day’. Donne on the other hand rejected the Petrachan conventions completely in regards to subject matter, as Donne was obsessed with death. His sonnets however did take on the form of the Shakespearean sonnet. In the Sonnets being analysed they both have a common theme of death. Donne’s Holy Sonnet X deals with death and the fear of dying where as Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 does not literally approach death but the metaphorical death of youth and passion. These topics suit the style of poetry because son...

Comparative Cultures- Anthropology- Coffee Essay

Comparative Cultures- Anthropology- Coffee - Essay Example Over the years, coffee has become a profitable tradable commodity and has had great success in most parts of the world. It is bought and sold by roasters, investors and price speculators due to its demand and value. The two main cultivated species are the Robusta coffee and the Arabica coffee. Most Arabica coffee beans originate from either Latin America, eastern Africa, Arabia or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western and central Africa, many parts of Asia, and to some extent in Brazil (Wasendorf, R, 2002; p 87). In the beverage market, Coffee holds an important place and makes a majority business in the market. Many millions of people rely on coffee for living and is a very labour-intensive culture in any region of the world. The coffee industry currently has a commodity chain that involves producers, middlemen exporters, importers, roasters, and retailers before reaching the consumer. Middlemen exporters purchase the coffee below market price, keeping a high percentage for them. Large coffee estates and plantations often export their own harvests or have direct arrangements with a transnational coffee processing or distributing company. Under either arrangement, large producers can sell at prices set by the New York Coffee Exchange. Roasters have the highest profit margin in the commodity chain. Large roasters normally sell pre-packaged coffee to large retailers. Coffee reaches the consumers through cafes and specialty stores selling coffee, of which, approximately, 30% are chains, and thr ough supermarkets and traditional retail chains. Supermarkets and traditional retail chains hold about 60% of market share and are the primary channel for both specialty coffee and non-specialty coffee. Twelve billion pounds of coffee is consumed around the globe annually, and the United States alone has over 130 million coffee drinkers. The export market for coffee has been reported to have flourished in the late nineteenth century

Policemen of the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Policemen of the World - Essay Example The following discussion shows how the U.S has been the Policemen of the World in the past. The U.S created a foreign policy after the Civil War. This policy dictates its relations with other foreign nations. America’s defense and security lies in foreign policy by furthering certain goals. The national policy puts the nation’s interest first (War and International Law, n.d., para. 2). The U.S invasion of Iraq after the 9/11 attacks on America is an example of the foreign policy in play. President Bush believed that by invading Iraq, the U.S would cripple Al-Qaeda and would lead to the capture of Osama Bin Laden. This move was criticised by many, citing America’s invasion as a neo-colonialism effort of the West in the East. However, back at home, the U.S key intention was to curb the imminent threat of terrorism on U.S soil posed by Al-Qaeda. Although this action took time, it culminated by the killing of Bin Laden, weakening the Al-Qaeda movement. Another example is the sanctions imposed on Russia and President Putin over Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The U.S believes that the invasion violates the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine. The beliefs are in line with the foreign policy that identifies all nations as equals. A secure Ukraine and its good relations with its neighbours are in the best of interests of the U.S (Ukraine and Russia Sanctions, n.d., para. 5). The United States has risen to the position of world’s Super Policeman due to three aspects. Firstly, the strength of the U.S military and the economic stability of the nation have favoured this position. The U.S has the strength in terms of the war power and money necessary to fight wars and emerge victoriously in the end. The resources devoted to the U.S military goes to the strengthening its involvement in international incidents. The economic stability ensures that in any war fought; the U.S will emerge financially

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Research Paper - Essay Example Pregnancy is a very divine thing which enables to any individual to start a family. The feeling of being a mother and carrying a child in the womb is very special. Apparently some women even consider it to be the best period or duration of their lives. When a woman experiences pregnancy, she tends to look after herself for the sake of her child. In this situation, she encounters various books in order to increase her parenting skills. When she goes through ads which discuss harmful effects of consuming alcohol, it strikes her mind. For some women, it becomes influential and they quit on such habits for the sake of her child, whereas some women do not bother at all and require more professional assistance than just print ads. These ads on their own are not that impactful at all but at times they acts as a catalyst to stop such acts. However, it has been scientifically studied in Danish study that if women drink about eight units per week of alcohol while she is pregnant, it would not have any obvious impact on children. The women who are going through the period of pregnancy should abstain from alcohol. It is said that the women who keeps on drinking alcohol or who drinks alcohol during herpregnancy stage can cause some serious diseases and defects such as brain damages and other birth defects to the child. For instance, the woman who does not quits on drinking and has a lot of intake of alcohol, mostly ends up giving birth to abnormal child. Addiction can be defined as the condition of being addicted to particular things."A 1996 review of the relation between maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy and the resulting in utero damage to the child." (Spohr and Hans, 38) It is something that an individual faces difficulties when it comes to overcoming these problems. Therefore, advertising alcohols and different alcohol brands whether on billboards or television etc. it is not a suitable option for everyone. Women who are addicted to drinking and who might be facin g difficulties on quitting drinking alcohols might get more determined and encouraged of starting drinking again. However, that is not the case with every woman. "Additional legislation has been introduced but not passed that would require every  print  and broadcast  ad  to carry one of five rotated health warnings one of them is to AVOID ALCOHOL  DURING  PREGNANCY." (Hawkins, 570) if such laws are passed then many individuals will benefit. Women who plan to start a new family should be aware of the facts that how alcohol can damage her health and the child’s health which she has to carry in her womb for 9 months. Somehow, it is clear that advertising alcohols have some great effects on pregnant women, children, and young people. The print ads on billboards are just for mere selling products. Basically, just to make customers aware that they are in the market. Any individual glances at those print ads for mere 30 seconds to as long as 1 minute. Mostly, the print ads are definitely not as much effective because they do not in any way illustrate the hazards of drinking while pregnancy. It is merely a warning sign. Even after these print ads and so much promotion, they would not be able to get the

The Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management

The Contemporary Issues In Hospitality Management Experiencing HRM issues in Hospitality: Whatever the choice of terminology or decisions on organisation, effective HRM and the successful implementation of personnel activities are essential ingredients for improved organisational performance. The smooth-running man or woman is an essential feature of any company and for some industries people are not just important but the key factor for successful performance. HR policies and practices have an important role in hospitality to play in facilitating the effective implementation of management processes. Hospitality Companies today face five critical business challenges: globalisation; profitability through growth; technology; intellectual capital; and change, change and more change. These challenges provide HR with an opportunity to play a leadership role in the development of new capabilities to meet the challenges. The five challenges present a new mandate for hospitality human resource management in order to help deliver organisational excellence in the following four way s:- It should become a partner with senior and line managers in strategy execution an expert in the way work is organised and executed to ensure costs are reduced and quality maintained a champion for employees, vigorously representing their concerns to senior management and working to increase employee contribution and commitment an agent of continuous transformation, shaping processes and a culture to improve an organisation 2.1 Training: One major area of the HRM function of particular relevance to the effective management and use of people is training and development. Staffs are a crucial, but expensive, resource in hospitality. In order to sustain economic and effective performance it is important to optimise the contribution of employees to the aims and goals of the organisation. Training is necessary to ensure an adequate supply of staff who are technically and socially competent, and capable of career advancement into specialist departments or management positions. There is, therefore, a continual need for the process of staff development, and training fulfils an important part of this process. Training should be viewed, therefore, as an integral part of the hospitality process. Because specially in hospitality industry new IT based training are getting famous irrespectively in hotels, airlines. Training benefits includes:- Improve performance which results in cost savings of HRM Improve productivity Improve quality of customer service Improve self esteem of employees Improve sense of job security Increase comrade and sense of team work among employees Increase higher morale among employees and Reduce employee turnover and absenteeism Reduce stress and tension of employees Reduce waste Reduce work conflict among employees In todays competitive business weather hospitality industry is facing new skill developing process in different way. Customers are now more concerned about quality service rather than just service. According to WTTC tourism hospitality industry supporting more than 258 million jobs worldwide and generating some 9.1% of global GDP. In 2008 UK Government  £112m fund for hospitality training reveals the importance of training. Travelodge welcome this fund from Government. Chrissie Herbert, director of HR at Travelodge, said: As we approach the 2012 Olympics we are in a skills race to ensure we have the number of people needed to match the demand. 2.2 Customer Care: After training customer care is the another big issue in hospitality industry now-a-days. It is important to remember that good customer care start with good staff care. Surveys reveals that people are happiest at their work when they feel valued and important, when they are involved in the business and feel knowledgeable about what is happening. In todays hospitality business customer care is the main concern where all businesses should focus on because customer expectations for quality are increasing, presenting the industry with a double edge sword; at the same time qualified labour is becoming harder to find and keep and this is a great challenge for HRM in any hospitality business. Thats why HRM in hospitality trying to get more effective result by training existing employees in several field in hospitality. Customers are demanding higher levels of service excellence. Linking this issue with seasonality, a common characterise of tourism enterprise , Baum and Hagen(1999,p130)wrote, the lack of sustained employment, which is characterise as seasonal operations, undermines the ability of operators to deliver quality, which the market place, increasingly, expects. Service remains key factor for hospitality but value for money is becoming increasingly important as recession looms, research has revealed in UK 2009 by Square Meal Restaurants Bars report, which surveyed more than 9,500 diners, found service remained a major gripe (44% of all complaints containing words such as over-priced, costly and poor value) for customers. 2.3 Stress in Hospitality: Work stress is now recognised as a major issue in the human resource management within the hospitality industry context. Service quality issues are beginning to assume major importance in the success of many operations. Interpersonal conflict and work stress responses associated with hospitality industry employee management conflict, together with approaches to service quality. In European Union countries, hospitality industry has been identified as one of those most stressful sector to work, with frequent contact with inebriated clients and customers. Exposure to violence and sexual harassment is sometimes viewed as being a regular occurrence and a part of the job in the sector. Stress factors in the hospitality industry include an intensive interface with customers; increasing customer demand for highly diversified and personalized services; tight requirements on timely delivery of services, especially in kitchens and restaurants; unclear roles in a customer-dominated environment; and lack of training for supervisors. These result in low control of employees over their work. The health status of workers in the hospitality industry is worse than that of the average population, especially concerning mental health. In hospitality there are different reasons for stress and they are: global competition, customer expectations and demand for highly diversified and personalized services, tight requirements on timely services, especially in kitchens and restaurants, unclear roles in a customer-dominated environment, and lack of training for supervisors, reducing in staff to reduce cost, lack of control over working situations, seasonal staff turnover etc. 2.4 Empowering the employees: Empowerment, formerly known as participative management, reduces employee turnover and increases customer satisfaction. High hospitality industry turnover is the result of poor employee selection, inadequate training and an over-abundant management staff. Empowering the staff makes them work better together as a team and leads them to provide a better quality of service. In a simple way, empowerment extend democratic approach from workforce which is very good for hospitality organisations because its not possible for hospitality managers to be everywhere every time, in those moment empowerment make employees more participative and delegate them towards job satisfaction. Empowerment was known as participative management, but the problem had always been that implementing the concept was much more difficult than talking about it. No one knew how to overcome this problem for the usual reasons that all concepts can fail that is, identifying the whos, whats, whens, wheres and hows of implementation. The hospitality industry today requires to examine the way to manage. Hospitality industry is plagued with turnover statistics that are way out of proportion and this situation has developed because of poor hiring practices, insufficient training and overstaffing in management ranks. Empowerment is a style, not an evolution. It is a philosophy that must originate from the top if it doesnt, it will fail. Empowerment flattens out the organizational chart naturally by eliminating the tiers of responsibility, replaces desire to establish accountability with results, allows hospitality industries to respond to the aspect of customers needs and complete satisfaction. HRM in hospitality industry must understand the economic benefits of employee empowerment. Employee empowerment makes each individual responsible for doing the job to the best of their ability which results in greater guest satisfaction, returning guests and lower employee turnover. Hiring the best person for the job and adequately training that individual will also lead to greater employee empowerment. Empowering management personnel requires altering the job so that management receives feedback on their management style from their staff as well as their supervisors. 2.5 Management Leadership in hospitality: Effective leadership is the number one factor that influences success in hospitality organization. Maintaining cultural identity, employment brand and employee satisfaction requires consistent and regular communication. Leadership skills include a strong focus on relationships, emotional intelligence, a track record of results and innovation, a focus on process and outcome, and the ability to give positive and constructive feedback. Also important is the ability to teach and coach others and provide recognition both formally and informally. Management and leadership style is a contemporary issues in todays hospitality business. There is a sentence Employees dont leave their jobs, they leave their managers. The reason for that is the style adopted by todays leaders are not always right and its a big issue. International Labour Organisation(ILO) said almost 600,000 employees a year leave hospitality managers in their droves, which leads hospitality industry average recruitment and initial training cost  £1,500, costs around  £886m as a whole. Labour turnover for the whole hospitality, leisure tourism and travel (HLTT) industry stands at 30%, although some employers within the hospitality industry alone report double or triple this figure. Yet, only 14% of employers feel their labour turnover is too high. HRM should be part of any pilot program to help leadership understand, anticipate and mitigate management problems in hospitality. When HRM has experience in participating in a virtual team, it lends credibility for HRM to fully participate and respond to problems as they arise. 3. Conclusion: It is known that, hospitality industry stands on employee performance. So, HRM department in hospitality now-a-days getting more and more challenge day by day because every business strategy of todays world more focused on service which is a crucial issue in hospitality field. HRM managers should emphasis on the need for professional approach and right leadership attitude to achieve goals and keep status. HRM in hospitality industry has grown with its impact and status because of huge number of hospitality industries increased globally. Only The British hospitality industry contribute  £46 billion to the UK economy and the core hospitality economy is estimated to directly contribute  £34 billion in tax revenue by creating 2.44 million jobs in the hospitality sector the 5th largest industry in the UK, and a further 1.2 million jobs are indirectly generated by hospitality which is around 8% of the total UK employment. This statistics proves that, the HRM has great responsibility to play a vital role in hospitality sector by adjusting with market needs and trends.

Privacy Rights :: essays research papers

Privacy Rights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The privacy of the individual is the most important right. Without privacy, the democratic system that we know would not exist. Privacy is one of the fundamental values on which our country was founded. There are exceptions to privacy rights that are created by the need for defense and security.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When our country was founded, privacy was not an issue. The villages then were small and close. Most people knew their neighbors and what was going on in the community. They did not have drunk drivers, terrorist, or any other threat of changing the way they lived. The transportation that most people had access to were horses. Today there are autos that can be fatal if not controlled. Speed limits and licenses are two examples. The government we have in place maintains and organizes our society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elements of control are often viewed as violations of privacy. These elements are meant to protect us from irresponsible people and from hurting themselves. The laws that are in place still give privacy without invading personal lives. Privacy is only violated when people feel they are being violated. Jonathan Franzen writes this example of his feelings about privacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"One of my neighbors in the apartment building across the street spends a lot of time at her mirror examining her pores, and I can see her doing it, just as she can undoubtedly see me sometimes. But our respective privacies remain intact as long as neither of us feels seen.† If people feel comfortable in their surroundings then privacy is not a concern. At other times, people feel violated when they are subject to random searches; this random factor is what other people consider wrong. People feel intruded on when they see a roadblock ahead or a request to see their driver’s license when writing checks. Others are interrupted at dinner by the phone ringing from telemarketers. This selling of information is what the Europeans call data protection. If the data is not kept private, things such as credit card numbers could be stolen over the phone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The privacy in America will forever be changing as technology changes. Cell phones have been a factor in the way people communicates. Automobiles are equipped with TVs and mobile Internet. Privacy is increased, as people communicate less in person. People can spend an entire day in the car and have complete communication with others. Franzen also has this view about transportation.